PARALLELISM
The principle of parallel construction requires that expressions of similar content and function should be outwardly similar. The likeness of form enables the reader to recognize more readily the likeness of content and function. Unskillful writers often violate this principle, from a mistaken belief that they should constantly vary the form of their expressions. It is true that in repeating a statement in order to emphasize it writers may have need to vary its form. But apart from this, writers should follow carefully the principle of parallel construction.
Faulty Parallelism:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
Corrected Version:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.
The first version gives the impression that the writer is undecided. The second version shows the writer has made a choice and is abiding by it.
By this principle, an article or a preposition applying to all the members of a series must either be used only before the first term or else be repeated before each term.
Faulty Parallelism Corrected Version
The French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese The French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese
In spring, summer, or in winter In spring, summer, or winter (In spring, in summer, or in winter)
Faulty Parallelism Corrected Version
It was both a long ceremony and very tedious. The ceremony was both long and tedious.
Faulty Parallelism Corrected Version
My income is smaller than my wife. My income is smaller than my wife's.
Practice: Rewrite the following sentences, correcting the faulty parallelism:
1. Jackson promised to be more careful and that he would work more slowly.
2. No one enjoyed the haying, the milking or to plow except Bill.
3. Mark is not only talented as a musician but also at acting.
4. I’d rather go skiing than to sightsee.
5. Jenny is easygoing, soft-spoken and has patience.
6. To sing with a rock group and making lots of money was her big dream.
7. Steven will either enlist in the Navy or learning computer programming.
8. These pears are ripe, juicy and have a sweet taste.
9. The ranger warned us to dress warmly and that we should keep dry.
10. Making a decision and to stick to it was something Bob couldn’t do.
* This week you will choose a sentence from above that has not been posted and correct it.
2012 6.4
Choose one of the questions below to discuss. Post your response and then comment on two other posted responses.
-In the beginning, each character has personal reasons for wanting to go to California. In what ways does each individual's goal change? Which people grow to see a larger purpose in life? What factors contribute to their changes?
-The heroes of The Grapes of Wrath are on the bottom of the social ladder; their language is often vile, and their behavior is sometimes as coarse as their language. What was Steinbeck's purpose in portraying such unrefined and coarse people? What would be the effect on readers if the Joads spoke "proper" English and did not curse?
-According to statements made in this novel, of what importance is anger in overcoming fear? --What must be done with anger in order to make it productive? Do you agree or disagree with that philosophy as expressed in this novel?
-What is the effect of the chapters which come between the narrative about the Joads? How would the elimination of those chapters affect the meaning and the impact of the novel?
-In the beginning, each character has personal reasons for wanting to go to California. In what ways does each individual's goal change? Which people grow to see a larger purpose in life? What factors contribute to their changes?
-The heroes of The Grapes of Wrath are on the bottom of the social ladder; their language is often vile, and their behavior is sometimes as coarse as their language. What was Steinbeck's purpose in portraying such unrefined and coarse people? What would be the effect on readers if the Joads spoke "proper" English and did not curse?
-According to statements made in this novel, of what importance is anger in overcoming fear? --What must be done with anger in order to make it productive? Do you agree or disagree with that philosophy as expressed in this novel?
-What is the effect of the chapters which come between the narrative about the Joads? How would the elimination of those chapters affect the meaning and the impact of the novel?
2012 6.3
There are many themes explored in GOW. Please choose two from below and write two to three sentences explaining Steinbeck’s use of each theme, what characters help convey that particular theme, and support for it from the text.
The myth of the American Dream
Anger as a way of uniting or dividing people
The Strength of Family and Groups vs. the Individual
Man’s Inhumanity to Man
The myth of the American Dream
Anger as a way of uniting or dividing people
The Strength of Family and Groups vs. the Individual
Man’s Inhumanity to Man
2012 6.2
1. Continue reading this semesters core literature.
2. Cite two more examples of symbolism or motif. What is the significance of your examples?
3. Comment on a classmate's post.
2. Cite two more examples of symbolism or motif. What is the significance of your examples?
3. Comment on a classmate's post.
2012 6.1
It's time for second semester core literature! This semester we will read - The Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck.Please complete the following:
1) Get a copy of the book
2) Start an analysis notebook
3) Enter the following notes in your notebook:
-symbol-a is a word, place, character, or object that means something beyond what it is on a literal level.
-symbolism- the act of using a word, place, character, or object in such a way.
-motif - a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil.
4) Cite two examples of symbolism or motif.
example:
Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the minute we watch Tom Joad return home after four years in prison, roads take on great meaning. His "dark quiet eyes became amused as he stared along the road" (2.53), the road that will take him home at last. Then, Route 66 is "the mother road, the road of flight" (12.1), and it is the lifeline, the thing that allows thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. But it is also the road that leads to their misery in California.
5) Comment on a classmate's post.
1) Get a copy of the book
2) Start an analysis notebook
3) Enter the following notes in your notebook:
-symbol-a is a word, place, character, or object that means something beyond what it is on a literal level.
-symbolism- the act of using a word, place, character, or object in such a way.
-motif - a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil.
4) Cite two examples of symbolism or motif.
example:
Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the minute we watch Tom Joad return home after four years in prison, roads take on great meaning. His "dark quiet eyes became amused as he stared along the road" (2.53), the road that will take him home at last. Then, Route 66 is "the mother road, the road of flight" (12.1), and it is the lifeline, the thing that allows thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. But it is also the road that leads to their misery in California.
5) Comment on a classmate's post.
2012 5.2 Mid-Term Review
Midterm Review
Did you know founder of FACEBOOK set up a blog for a course he was taking and passed the class simply by reading the posts? Let's see how much we can help each other prepare for the midterm. Below are some areas you may want to post on. Please post 2-3 review items on 5.2 and 5.3.You may have one page of handwritten notes to reference on the midterm. The following are some key areas that you can expect to see on the exam:
1) Questions that test your understanding of a reading selection.
2) Questions that test your understanding of the way in which a selection is written.
Examples:
- The main purpose of the first paragraph is to...
- The main purpose of the essay is to...
- Identifying examples of irony, metaphor, hyperbole, simile,symbolism, and personification in the selection.
-Identifying the use of extended metaphor, hyperbole, logical persuasion, and sensory language.
- Which details support the idea that____?
3) Questions that ask you to analyze the way in which a selection is written.
Examples:
- How does the author organize and present ideas in the essay?
- How does the author support his ideas?
- How does the author's personality affect his writing?
- How does that author express his ideas? ( allusions, use of irony, persuasive argumnet,or use of allegory)
- What bias does the author reveal in his/her writing?
- Describe the mood in the first half of the story and tell how it changes in the second half.
4) Questions that ask you to analyze and evaluate a passage.
Examples:
- Is the author's argument still valuable today? In which ways is it archaic and outdated?
- Describe the tone of the essay.
- What theme is expressed in the first paragraph of the essay?
- Which statements show the use an emotional appeal to a person's conscience rather than an appeal to reason?
- Why does the author draw a comparison between ____ and ____?
- In your opinion, how persuasive is the author's argumnet and why?
5) Proofreading and Revision:
- subject/ verb agreement
- correct word usage ( that, which/ who/ whom)
- sentence structure
- correct capitalization and punctuation
- use of transitions
* For practice on revision and proffreeading, go to the textbook link from the Parkview website and select "High School Language Arts" and then "Test Practice."
Please begin to review for your semester exam. You may post examples from previouse lessons where you have practiced the above skills.
Other terms to know:
Allusions
Irony
Allegory
Simile
Personification
Hyperbole
Metaphor
Did you know founder of FACEBOOK set up a blog for a course he was taking and passed the class simply by reading the posts? Let's see how much we can help each other prepare for the midterm. Below are some areas you may want to post on. Please post 2-3 review items on 5.2 and 5.3.You may have one page of handwritten notes to reference on the midterm. The following are some key areas that you can expect to see on the exam:
1) Questions that test your understanding of a reading selection.
2) Questions that test your understanding of the way in which a selection is written.
Examples:
- The main purpose of the first paragraph is to...
- The main purpose of the essay is to...
- Identifying examples of irony, metaphor, hyperbole, simile,symbolism, and personification in the selection.
-Identifying the use of extended metaphor, hyperbole, logical persuasion, and sensory language.
- Which details support the idea that____?
3) Questions that ask you to analyze the way in which a selection is written.
Examples:
- How does the author organize and present ideas in the essay?
- How does the author support his ideas?
- How does the author's personality affect his writing?
- How does that author express his ideas? ( allusions, use of irony, persuasive argumnet,or use of allegory)
- What bias does the author reveal in his/her writing?
- Describe the mood in the first half of the story and tell how it changes in the second half.
4) Questions that ask you to analyze and evaluate a passage.
Examples:
- Is the author's argument still valuable today? In which ways is it archaic and outdated?
- Describe the tone of the essay.
- What theme is expressed in the first paragraph of the essay?
- Which statements show the use an emotional appeal to a person's conscience rather than an appeal to reason?
- Why does the author draw a comparison between ____ and ____?
- In your opinion, how persuasive is the author's argumnet and why?
5) Proofreading and Revision:
- subject/ verb agreement
- correct word usage ( that, which/ who/ whom)
- sentence structure
- correct capitalization and punctuation
- use of transitions
* For practice on revision and proffreeading, go to the textbook link from the Parkview website and select "High School Language Arts" and then "Test Practice."
Please begin to review for your semester exam. You may post examples from previouse lessons where you have practiced the above skills.
Other terms to know:
Allusions
Irony
Allegory
Simile
Personification
Hyperbole
Metaphor
2012 5.1
Did you know using sentence variety can get you a higher score on your SAT essay?This week we are reviewing sentence types. Please review the information below and then compose one of each type. Comment back on a classmates sentences by identifying each sentence type.
Sentence Types
Structurally, English sentences can be classified four different ways, though there are endless constructions of each. The classifications are based on the number of independent and dependent clauses a sentence contains. An independent clause forms a complete sentence on its own, while a dependent clause needs another clause to make a complete sentence. By learning these types, writers can add complexity and variation to their sentences.
Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses.
*
My aunt enjoyed taking the hayride with you.
*
China's Han Dynasty marked an official recognition of Confucianism.
Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
*
The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming.
*
The Freedom Riders departed on May 4, 1961, and they were determined to travel through many southern states.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
*
After Mary added up all the sales, she discovered that the lemonade stand was 32 cents short.
While all of his paintings are fascinating, Hieronymus Bosch's triptychs, full of mayhem and madness, are the real highlight of his art.
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
*
With her reputation on the line, Peggy played against a fierce opponent at the Scrabble competition, and overcoming nerve-racking competition, she won the game with one well-placed word.
*
Catch-22 is widely regarded as Joseph Heller's best novel, and because Heller served in World War II, which the novel satirizes, the zany but savage wit of the novel packs an extra punch.
Sentence Types
Structurally, English sentences can be classified four different ways, though there are endless constructions of each. The classifications are based on the number of independent and dependent clauses a sentence contains. An independent clause forms a complete sentence on its own, while a dependent clause needs another clause to make a complete sentence. By learning these types, writers can add complexity and variation to their sentences.
Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses.
*
My aunt enjoyed taking the hayride with you.
*
China's Han Dynasty marked an official recognition of Confucianism.
Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
*
The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming.
*
The Freedom Riders departed on May 4, 1961, and they were determined to travel through many southern states.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
*
After Mary added up all the sales, she discovered that the lemonade stand was 32 cents short.
While all of his paintings are fascinating, Hieronymus Bosch's triptychs, full of mayhem and madness, are the real highlight of his art.
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
*
With her reputation on the line, Peggy played against a fierce opponent at the Scrabble competition, and overcoming nerve-racking competition, she won the game with one well-placed word.
*
Catch-22 is widely regarded as Joseph Heller's best novel, and because Heller served in World War II, which the novel satirizes, the zany but savage wit of the novel packs an extra punch.
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